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Ritsumeikan Univ.KO-562
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(The Origin and Transformation of Workfare: A Policy Analysis of Dynamism\
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(American Welfare Reform)Tj
/TT1 1 Tf
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(Hayato Kobayashi)Tj
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(This paper unveils the origin of workfare and explores transformation of\
it through the policy analysis of)Tj
-1 -1.5 Td
(welfare reform in U. S. A. Although "workfare" was invented by Charles E\
vers who is a leader of Civil)Tj
0 -1.5 TD
(Rights Movement in South, it had not become famous until President Nixon\
proposed Family Assistance Plan)Tj
T*
(\(FAP\).)Tj
1 -2.5 Td
(In America, welfare generally meant a public assistance for families wit\
h needy children, which was Aid to)Tj
-1 -1.5 Td
(Families with Dependent Children \(AFDC\). As the more number of AFDC re\
cipients and costs grow rapidly,)Tj
T*
(AFDC was considered as big problem since the late of 1960'. As a result \
of much efforts of welfare reform,)Tj
T*
(AFDC was replaced with Temporary Assistance for Needy Families \(TANF\) \
in 1996.)Tj
1 -2.5 Td
(Workfare policies have old style in 1980' and new style in 1990' as prev\
ious studies point out, but there is)Tj
-1 -1.5 Td
(modern style after 1996. I characterized components of new style as corr\
ection of welfare recipients' behavior)Tj
T*
(and modern style as management of welfare population.)Tj
1 -2.5 Td
(I conclude that workfare has both components of work-first model and ser\
vice-intensive-model and)Tj
-1 -1.5 Td
(antagonism between two models causes 'fast policy transfer'. As a result\
, workfare has transformed the)Tj
T*
(meaning of it broadly and could have spread in the World.)Tj
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